Caracterización clínica y epidemiológica de los pacientes con cáncer de colon / Clinical and epidemiological characterization of patients with colon cancer

INTRODUCCIÓN. El cáncer de colon es una neoplasia del tubo digestivo considerada una de las más frecuentes en ambos sexos y que predomina en adultos mayores. OBJETIVO. Describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de los pacientes con cáncer de colon. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS. Estudio observacional, descriptivo, retrospectivo. Población de 1 601 y muestra de 210 datos de Historias Clínicas Electrónicas de pacientes diagnosticados con cáncer de colon, atendidos por la Unidad de Oncología del Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín de la ciudad de Quito en el periodo enero de 2016 a diciembre de 2019. Criterios de inclusión: diagnóstico confirmado de Cáncer de Colon, edad igual o mayor a 18 años, y disponer de todos los datos clínicos requeridos en el estudio. Se utilizó el método de muestreo probabilístico con lo que se estimó una proporción para el estudio con un intervalo de confianza del 95%, un margen de error del 5% y una frecuencia esperada del 3%, de donde se obtuvo una muestra ajustada al 10% de pérdidas. El procesamiento de datos se realizó en los programas Microsoft Excel versión 16 y el Statistical Package for Social Sciences versión 24. RESULTADOS. La mayor presentación fue en adultos mayores de 50 años, con una relación 1:1 en cuanto a sexo, y en la procedencia, se ubicó mayoritariamente en la población de la región Sierra; las personas con una actividad económica de tipo profesional fueron las más afectadas; en lo que se refiere a los antecedentes se encontró mayor relación en los personales y dentro de estos los pólipos; no hubo relación con los antecedentes quirúrgicos ni familiares. El síntoma de debut más prevalente fue el dolor abdominal; la mayoría fueron sometidos a colonoscopia; predominó la lateralidad derecha y el tipo histológico principalmente identificado fue el adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIÓN. No se observó relación estadísticamente significante entre estadíos, evolución y tratamientos instaurados, lo que pudo estar influenciado por el muestreo al azar; y que el 53,30% de los pacientes aún se encuentra en controles.

INTRODUCTION. Colon cancer is a neoplasm of the digestive tract considered one of the most frequent in both sexes and predominantly in older adults. OBJECTIVE. To describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients with colon cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Observational, descriptive, retrospective study. Population of 1 601 and sample of 210 data from Electronic Medical Records of patients diagnosed with colon cancer, attended by the Oncology Unit of the Hospital de Especialidades Carlos Andrade Marín of the city of Quito in the period January 2016 to December 2019. Inclusion criteria: confirmed diagnosis of Colon Cancer, age equal to or older than 18 years, and having all the clinical data required in the study. The probability sampling method was used with which a proportion was estimated for the study with a confidence interval of 95%, a margin of error of 5% and an expected frequency of 3%, from which a 10% loss adjusted sample was obtained. Data processing was performed in Microsoft Excel version 16 and Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 24. The greatest presentation was in adults over 50 years of age, with a 1:1 ratio in terms of sex, and in terms of origin, it was mainly located in the population of the Sierra region; people with a professional economic activity were the most affected; in terms of history, a greater relationship was found in personal history and within these, polyps; there was no relationship with surgical or family history. The most prevalent debut symptom was abdominal pain; the majority underwent colonoscopy; right laterality predominated and the histological type mainly identified was adestatistically significant relationship was observed between stages, evolution and treatment, which could be influenced by random sampling; and that 53,30% of the patients are still in controls.

Standardization in performing regional lymph node dissection for rectum and sigmoid colon cancer / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Tumor spreading through the lymphatic drainage is an important metastatic pathway for rectum and sigmoid colon carcinoma. Regional lymph node dissection, as an important part of radical resection of colorectal cancer, is the main way for patients with colorectal cancer to achieve radical resection and acquire tumor-free survival. The regional lymph nodes of sigmoid cancer include paracolic lymph nodes, intermediate lymph nodes, and central lymph nodes locating at the root of blood vessel, and radical surgery should include lymph node dissection at the above three stations. The lymphatic pathways of metastasis for rectal cancer include longitudinal metastasis within the mesorectum and lateral metastasis beyond the mesorectum. The standard surgical method of rectal cancer is total mesorectal excision (TME) at present, and the resection range includes the metastatic lymph nodes within the mesorectum through the longitudinal pathway. However, there are many different opinions about lateral lymph node dissection(LLND) aiming at the metastatic lymph nodes locating at the lateral space of rectum. The range of lymph node dissection for rectum and sigmoid cancer is a vital factor that determines the prognosis of patients. Insufficient range of dissection can lead to residual metastatic lymph nodes and have serious impacts on the prognosis of patients. Excessive range of dissection can result in greater surgical trauma, prolonged operation time, more blood loss, and higher rate of complication without oncological benefits. Individualizating the appropriate resection range of rectum and sigmoid colon cancer on the basis of standardization and according to the clinical stage and invasion range of tumor demonstrates great significance of ensuring the radical operation, reducing trauma, promoting rehabilitation, protecting the function and improving the prognosis.

Comparison between laparoscopic-assisted natural orifice specimen extraction surgery and conventional laparoscopic surgery for left colorectal cancer: a randomized controlled study with 3-year follow-up results / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Objective: To evaluate the mid-term efficacy of laparoscopic-assisted natural orifice specimen extraction surgery (NOSES) colectomy using the Cai tube in the treatment of left colorectal cancer. Methods: A prospective randomized control trial (China Clinical Trials Registration Number: ChiCTR-OOR-15007060) was performed. Sixty patients with left colorectal cancer at Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery of Zhongshan Hospital from September 2015 to August 2017 were prospectively enrolled. Case inclusion criteria: (1) left colorectal adenocarcinoma (rectal cancer with distance ≥ 8 cm from tumor low margin to anal edge, sigmoid colon cancer, descending colon cancer and left transverse colon cancer) confirmed by preoperative pathology; (2) satisfactory conditions of conventional laparoscopic surgery; (3) maximum diameter of the tumor < 4.5 cm confirmed by preoperative abdominal and pelvic CT or MRI; (4) BMI < 30 kg/m2. Case exclusion criteria: (1) benign lesions, mucinous adenocarcinoma, signet-ring cell carcinoma and other special pathological types of tumors confirmed by preoperative pathological examination; (2) multiple or recurrent cancers; (3) with a history of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy; (4) obvious regional infiltration or distant metastasis indicated by preoperative imaging examination; (5) intestinal obstruction, intestinal perforation, etc. Participants were randomly assigned to NOSES group (using the Cai tube) and conventional laparoscopy (CL) group by random number table method. Clinical data between two groups were compared and analyzed, including perioperative conditions, tumor exfoliation cell detection and bacterial culture results of intraperitoneal lavage fluid, postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo grading), postoperative pain [visual simulation scoring (VAS) assessment], anal function (Kirwan anal function grading assessment), and postoperative 3-year disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), overall recurrence rate, and local recurrence rate. Results: A total of 60 patients were enrolled, with 30 in the NOSES group and 30 in the CL group. All the patients in the NOSES group successfully completed operation with Cai tube. Baseline data between the two groups were not significantly different (all P>0.05). There were no statistically significant differences between two groups in conversion rate to open surgery, number of lymph node harivested, proximal and distal resection margin of tumor, negative rate of circumferential margin, operation time, blood loss, inflammatory indexes, postoperative anal function, postoperative hospital stay, hospitalization cost, morbidity of postoperative complications (Clavien-Dindo grade II or above) (all P>0.05). Compared to the CL group, the NOSES group had lower maximum postoperative VAS score (2.5±0.3 vs. 5.1±0.4, t=3.187, P<0.01), and fewer use of additional postoperative analgesia [6.7% (2/30) vs. 33.3% (10/30),χ2=6.670, P=0.02]. The postoperative time to gas passage was shorter in the NOSES group [(2.2±1.4) days vs. (3.1±1.2) days,P=0.026]. No tumor cells and bacterial contamination were found in abdominal lavage fluid before and after operation in either group. The anal function at postoperative 3-month of all the patients in the NOSES group was Kirwan grade I to II, while in the CL group, anal function of 2 cases (6.7%) was Kirwan grade III, and of 28 cases was also Kirwan grade I to II, whose difference was not statistically significant (P>0.05). In the NOSES group and the CL group, 3-year DFS was 96.7% and 83.3% (P=0.090), OS was 100% and 90% (P=0.096), overall recurrence rate was 3.3% and 10.0% (P=0.166), and local recurrence rate was 3.3% and 3.3% (P=0.999), respectively, whose differences were not statistically significant (all P>0.05). Conclusions: In the treatment of left colorectal cancer, compared with conventional laparoscopic colectomy, NOSES colectomy using Cai tube exhibits less scar, less postoperative pain, shorter recovery of gastrointestinal function, and similar mid-term outcomes. Given proper surgical indications, the surgical procedure is safe and feasible.

Simultaneous resection for colon cancer and synchronous liver metastases: case series with follow-up / Resección simultánea por cáncer de colon y metástasis hepáticas sincrónicas: serie de casos con seguimiento

SUMMARY: Treatment of colonic cancer (CC) and synchronic liver metastasis (SLM) is still controversial in relation to how to act. The aim of this study was to analyze initial single center experience in simultaneous surgical approach of patients with CC and SLM, in terms of overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). Retrospective case series of patients with CC and SLM undergoing simultaneous surgery, consecutively, at Clínica RedSalud Mayor Temuco, between 2007 and 2021. Outcome variables were OS and DFS. Other variables of interest were postoperative morbidity (POM), surgical time, hospital stay and mortality. Descriptive statistics was used (measures of central tendency and dispersion), and survival analysis was estimated applying Kaplan Meier curves. Sixteen patients (10 female and 6 male) were operated, with a median age of 61 years. The most frequent localization was cecum and right colon (37.5 %). In all patients some type of liver resection was added (parenchymal-sparing hepatectomy or anatomical resection). Median surgical time and hospital stay were 150 min and 5 days respectively. POM was 31.2 % (5 cases), mainly Clavien & Dindo I and II (12.5 % of patients required a re-intervention). With a median follow-up of 52 months 1, 3 and 5-year OS were 100 %, 62.5 %, and 50.0 % respectively. On the other hand, DFS rates of 1, 3 and 5-year were 75.0 %, 43.8 %, and 25.0 % respectively. The series had no mortality. OS, DFS, POM and mortality, were like other series. Simultaneous resection of CC and SLM is an aggressive approach, but not compromise oncological outcomes.

RESUMEN: El tratamiento del cáncer de colon (CC) con metástasis hepática sincrónica (MHS), tiene un tratamiento controvertido aún. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la experiencia unicéntrica en el tratamiento de pacientes con CC y MHS simultáneo, en términos de supervivencia global (SG) y supervivencia libre de enfermedad (SLE). Serie de casos retrospectiva consecutiva, de pacientes con CC y MHS sometidos a cirugía simultánea, en Clínica RedSalud Mayor Temuco, entre 2007 y 2021. Las variables de resultado fueron SG y SLE. Otras variables de interés fueron la morbilidad postoperatoria (MPO), tiempo quirúrgico, estancia hospitalaria y mortalidad. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva (medidas de tendencia central y dispersión) y se estimó supervivencia aplicando curvas de Kaplan Meier. Se operaron 16 pacientes (10 mujeres y 6 hombres), con mediana de edad de 61 años. La localización más frecuente fue ciego-colon derecho (37,5 %). En todos los casos se practicó algún tipo de resección hepática (hepatectomía conservadora o resección anatómica). La mediana del tiempo quirúrgico y la estancia hospitalaria fueron de 150 min y 5 días respectivamente. La MPO fue del 31,2 % (5 casos), principalmente Clavien & Dindo I y II (hubo 12,5 % de reintervenciones). Con una mediana de seguimiento de 52 meses. La SG a 1, 3 y 5 años fue 100 %, 62,5 % y 50,0 %, respectivamente. Por otro lado, la SLE a 1, 3 y 5 años fue 75,0 %, 43,8 % y 25,0 %, respectivamente. La serie no tuvo mortalidad. La SG, SLE, MPO y la mortalidad fueron similares a otras series. La resección simultánea de CC y SLM es agresiva, pero no compromete los resultados oncológicos.

Results of surgical treatment of uncomplicated colon cancer: case series with follow-up / Resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico del cáncer de colon no complicado: serie de casos con seguimiento

SUMMARY: The standard treatment of colonic cancer (CC) continues to be the radical resection of the intestinal segment compromised with free margins, associated or not with adjuvant therapies. The aim of this study was to determine postoperative morbidity (POM) and 5-year overall survival (OS) in patients with uncomplicated colon cancer surgically treated. Retrospective case series of patients with uncomplicated CC undergoing colectomy and lymphadenectomy, consecutively, at Clínica Red Salud Mayor Temuco, between 2007 and 2019. The outcomes variable were POM and 5-years OS. Other variables of interest were surgical time, number of resected lymph nodes, hospital stay and recurrence. Descriptive statistics was used (measures of central tendency and dispersion), and OS analysis was applying Kaplan Meier curves. In this study, 52 patients (53.8 % men) were intervened, with a median age of 68 years. The most frequent localization and stages were right colon (42.3 %); IIIA and IIIB respectively (78.9 %). Median surgical time, number of resected lymph nodes and hospital stay were 98 min, 34 and 4.5 days respectively. POM was 17.3 % (9 cases). With a median follow- up of 58 months, a recurrence of 19.2 % was verified, and the 5-year OS for stages IIA, IIIA, IIIB and IVA was 83.3 %, 73.6 %, 68.2 % and 40.0 % respectively. The results, in terms of POM, mortality and 5-year OS, were similar to national and international series.

RESUMEN: El tratamiento estándar del cáncer de colon (CC), continua siendo la resección radical del segmento intestinal comprometido con márgenes libres (al menos 5 cm por encima y debajo del tumor), pudiendo asociarse o no a terapias complementarias. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar morbilidad postoperatoria (MPO) y supervivencia actuarial global (SVAG) a 5 años en pacientes resecados por CC no complicado. Serie de casos con seguimiento, de pacientes con CC no complicado, sometidos a colectomía subtotal y linfadenectomía, de forma consecutiva, en Clínica Red Salud Mayor Temuco, entre 2007 y 2019. Las variables resultado fueron MPO y SV actuarial global (SVAG) a 5 años. Otras variables de interés fueron: tiempo quirúrgico, número de linfonodos resecados, estancia hospitalaria y recurrencia. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, con medidas de tendencia central y dispersión; y análisis de SV con curvas de Kaplan Meier. Se intervinieron 52 pacientes (53,8 % hombres), con una mediana de edad de 68 años. La localización y estadios más frecuentes fueron colon derecho (42,3 %); IIIA y IIIB respectivamente (78,9 %). La resecabilidad de la serie fue 100 %. La medianas del tiempo quirúrgico, del número de linfonodos resecados y de estancia hospitalaria; fueron de 98 min, 34 y 4.5 días respectivamente. La MPO fue 17,3 % (9 casos). Con una mediana de seguimiento de 58 meses, se verificó una recurrencia de 19,2 %; y una SVAG a 5 años para los estadios IIA, IIIA, IIIB y IVA; de 83,3 %; 73,6 %; 68,2 % y 40,0 % respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos, en términos de MPO, mortalidad y SVAG a 5 años, fueron similares a series de nacionales e internacionales.

Irreducible Indirect Inguinal Hernia Caused by Sigmoid Colon Cancer Entering Right Groin:A Case Report / 中国医学科学院学报

We reported a case of irreducible indirect inguinal hernia caused by sigmoid colon cancer entering the right groin.The patient complained about a right groin mass for more than 60 years with progressive enlargement for 3 years and pain for half a month.Abdominal CT examination at admission showed rectum and sigmoid colon hernia in the right inguinal area and thickening of sigmoid colon wall.Electronic colonoscopy and pathological diagnosis showed sigmoid colon cancer.Therefore,the result of preliminary diagnosis was irreducible indirect inguinal hernia caused by sigmoid colon cancer entering the right groin.We converted laparoscopic exploration to laparotomy followed by radical sigmoidectomy and employed end-to-end anastomosis of descending colon and rectum in combination with repair of right inguinal hernia.The patient recovered well after operation and was discharged.

Linfangioma quístico de recto-sigmoides en un hospital público de Lima, Perú: reporte de caso / Cystic lymphangioma of the rectum-sigmoid in a public hospital in Lima-Peru: case report

RESUMEN Los linfangiomas son lesiones benignas que se deben a una malformación del desarrollo en el sistema linfático que ocurre durante la etapa embrionaria. Son más frecuentes en niños. Pueden encontrarse en cavidad abdominal, siendo la afectación del tracto gastrointestinal en forma ocasional. La presentación clínica es variada, dependiendo de la localización de los linfangiomas, pudiendo tener formas asintomáticas y, en ocasiones, presentarse con dolor abdominal, alteraciones del hábito defecatorio, rectorragia, etc. El diagnóstico se realiza por endoscopía, imágenes auxiliares y se confirma por medio de histología. Presentamos un caso de linfangioma quístico de recto-sigmoides que tuvimos en nuestro hospital; la paciente se presentó con proctalgia, alternancia evacuatoria y rectorragia intermitente. Examen físico sin alteraciones significativas. Durante la colonoscopía, a nivel de recto y sigmoides, se encontró múltiples lesiones protruidas, a modo de protuberancias, cuya superficie era lisa, trasluciente y de coloración azulada, con algunos orificios pseudodiverticulares, a predominio de recto. En la ultrasonografía endoscópica se observó, a nivel del recto, engrosamiento de la submucosa con múltiples imágenes anecoicas, microquísticas, algunas de ellas con tabiques finos. El diagnóstico definitivo se realizó mediante histopatología, que describe conductos linfáticos dilatados, rodeados de células endoteliales, hallazgos consistentes con linfangioma quístico de recto-sigmoides.

ABSTRACT Lymphangiomas are benign lesions due to a developmental malformation in the lymphatic system that occurs during the embryonic stage. They are more frequent in children. They can be found in the abdominal cavity, being the involvement of the gastrointestinal tract occasionally. The clinical presentation is varied, depending on the location of the lymphangiomas, and may have asymptomatic forms and, occasionally, present with abdominal pain, changes in defecation, rectal bleeding, etc. The diagnosis is made by endoscopy, auxiliary images and is confirmed by histology. We present a case of cystic rectal-sigmoid lymphangioma that we had in our hospital; the patient presented with proctalgia, alternating evacuation and intermittent rectal bleeding. Physical examination was without significant alterations. During the colonoscopy, at the level of the rectum and sigmoids, multiple protruded lesions were found, whose surface was smooth, translucent and bluish in color, with some pseudodiverticular holes, predominantly of the rectum. Endoscopic ultrasound revealed thickening of the submucosa at the level of the rectum with multiple anechoic, microcystic images, some of them with fine septa. The definitive diagnosis was made by histopathology, which describes dilated lymphatic ducts, surrounded by endothelial cells, findings consistent with cystic rectal-sigmoid lymphangioma.

Trombosis segmentaria sigmoidea consecuente a neoplasia maligna de colon. A propósito de un caso interesante / Sigmoid segmental thrombosis consequent to colon malignant neoplasia. On the purpose of a case

RESUMEN Se presentó un caso de una paciente de 78 años de edad, procedente del municipio de Calimete, con antecedentes patológicos personales de infarto agudo miocárdico sin elevación del segmento ST e hipertensión arterial. Llegó a la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de Emergencia, de Colón con un estado toxico infeccioso severo. Fue intervenida quirúrgicamente con el diagnóstico presuntivo de una trombosis mesentérica. Se constató dicho diagnóstico complementario a una neoplasia maligna de colon sigmoides. Falleció producto a un shock séptico refractario a aminas. En la necropsia se reportaron hallazgos de interés.

ABSTRACT The authors present the case of a 78-years-old female patient from the municipality of Calimete, with personal pathological antecedents of acute myocardial infarct without ST segment elevation and arterial hypertension. She arrived to the Emergency Intensive Care Unit of Colon with a severe toxic-infectious status. She underwent a surgery with a presumptive mesenteric thrombosis. It was stated that diagnosis, complementary to a sigmoid colon malignant neoplasia. She died as a product of an amine-refractory septic shock. The autopsy showed findings of interest.

Resultados de la cirugía resectiva de pacientes con Cáncer de Colon no complicado en un centro privado y regional de salud / Results of resective surgery in patients with non-complicated Colon Cancer in a private and regional health establishment

El tratamiento estándar del cáncer de colon (CC), continúa siendo la resección radical del segmento intestinal comprometido con márgenes libres (al menos 5 cm por encima y debajo del tumor), pudiendo o no asociarse a terapias complementarias. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar morbilidad postoperatoria (MPO) y supervivencia actuarial global (SVAG) a 5 años en pacientes resecados por CC no complicado. La metodología usada fue serie de casos retrospectiva de pacientes con CC no complicado, sometidos a colectomía subtotal y linfadenectomía, de forma consecutiva, en Clínica RedSalud Mayor Temuco, entre 2007 y 2017. La variable resultado fue SV actuarial global (SVAG) a 5 años. Otras variables de interés fueron: tiempo quirúrgico, número de linfonodos resecados, estancia hospitalaria, MPO, y recurrencia. Los pacientes fueron seguidos de forma clínica. Se utilizó estadística descriptiva, con medidas de tendencia central y dispersión; y análisis de SV con curvas de Kaplan Meier. Se intervinieron 43 pacientes (58,1 % hombres), con una mediana de edad de 66 años. La localización y estadios más frecuentes fueron colon derecho (18 casos, 41,9 %); y IIIA, IIIB, respectivamente. La resecabilidad de la serie fue 100 %. La medianas del tiempo quirúrgico, del número de linfonodos resecados y de estancia hospitalaria; fueron de 100 minutos, 30 y 5 días, respectivamente. La MPO fue 30,2 % (13 casos). Con una mediana de seguimiento de 55 meses, se verificó una recurrencia de 13,9 %; y SVAG a 5 años de 69,8 % para la totalidad de la serie. Los resultados obtenidos, en términos de MPO, mortalidad y SVAG a 5 años, fueron similares a series de nacionales e internacionales.

The standard treatment of colonic cancer (CC) continues to be the radical resection of the intestinal segment compromised with free margins, associated or not with adjuvant therapies. The aim of this study was to determine postoperative morbidity (POM) and 5-year overall survival (OS) in patients resected by non-complicated CC. The methodology used was a series of cases in retrospective of patients with non-complicated CC undergoing colectomy and lymphadenectomy, consecutively, at RedSalud Mayor Temuco Clinic, between 2007 and 2017. The outcome variable was 5-years OS. Other variables of interest were: surgical time, the number of resected lymph nodes, hospital stay, POM, and recurrence. Patients were followed clinically. Descriptive statistics were used (measures of central tendency and dispersion), and OS analysis was applying Kaplan Meier curves. 43 patients (58.1% men) were intervened, with a median age of 66 years. The most frequent localization and stages were the right colon (18 cases, 41.9%); and IIIA, IIIB respectively. Median surgical time, the number of resected lymph nodes and hospital stay were 100 min, 30 and 5 days respectively. MPO was 30.2% (13 cases). With a median follow-up of 55 months, a recurrence of 13.9% was verified, and a 5-year OS of 69.8% was observed. The results, in terms of POM, mortality and 5-year OS, were similar to the national and international series.

Suspicious T1 colon cancer with synchronous liver metastasis not detected by preoperative imaging study

Colorectal carcinoma invading the submucosa but not the muscularis propria (pT1) represents the earliest form of clinically relevant colorectal cancer in most patients. T1 colorectal cancer with synchronous liver metastasis is considered to be rare. We report a rare case of T1 colon cancer with synchronous liver metastasis not detected by preoperative imaging study. A 54-year-old male patient presented to our department for treatment of sigmoid colon cancer following an endoscopic submucosal dissection. Histopathological examination revealed the pedunculated mass was moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma without lymphovascular invasion and the depth of submucosal invasion was 2,000 µm, the resection margin was not involved. We performed a laparoscopic anterior resection with lymph node dissection. After the 3 months, the patient's carcinoembryonic antigen level elevated from 1.4 to 7.26 ng/mL (normal level: <1.5 ng/mL) and the abdominal computed tomography and FDG-PET/CT (positron emission tomography-computed tomography) showed multiple hepatic metastases in both hepatic lobes (SUVmax: 5.6) without evidence of local recurrence or lymphadenopathy. We strongly suspected a synchronous liver metastasis not detected by imaging study as opposed to a systemic recurrence. Therefore, evaluation and follow-up protocol of T1 colorectal cancer should be changed for discovery and prediction of synchronous liver metastasis; because we cannot exclude the possibility of synchronous liver metastasis.

Mobilização da flexura esplênica nas ressecções dos tumores de reto e sigmoide: meta-análise dos resultados cirúrgicos / Splenic flexure mobilization in sigmoid and rectal cancer resections: a meta-analysis of surgical outcomes

RESUMO Objetivo: avaliar a influência da mobilização da flexura esplênica nos principais resultados cirúrgicos de pacientes submetidos à ressecção de câncer do cólon sigmoide ou reto. Métodos: os bancos de dados MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register de Ensaios Controlados e LILACS foram pesquisados usando os termos "mobilização da flexura esplênica", "cirurgia colorretal", "câncer retal", "ressecção anterior", "câncer de cólon sigmoide", "ressecção de sigmoide". O desfecho principal foi a deiscência da anastomose. Outros desfechos analisados foram mortalidade, sangramento, infecção e complicações gerais. Os tamanhos dos efeitos foram estimados por meio do agrupamento dos dados de seis estudos de caso-controle (1.433 pacientes) publicados até janeiro de 2018. Resultados: nossa meta-análise revelou que pacientes submetidos à mobilização completa da flexura esplênica tinham um risco maior de deiscência anastomótica (RR=2,27, IC95%: 1,22-4,23) em comparação àqueles não submetidos a esse procedimento. Nenhuma diferença pôde ser demonstrada entre os grupos em termos de mortalidade, sangramento, infecção e complicações gerais. Conclusão: a mobilização da flexura esplênica está associada a um maior risco de deiscência anastomótica nas ressecções de câncer de reto ou cólon sigmoide. Esta manobra cirúrgica deve ser utilizada com cautela no manejo cirúrgico dos tumores colorretais.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the influence of the splenic flexure mobilization for the main surgical outcomes of patients submitted to resection of sigmoid and rectal cancer. Methods: we searched the MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and LILACS, using the terms "splenic flexure mobilization", "colorectal surgery", "rectal cancer", "anterior resection", "sigmoid colon cancer", and "sigmoid resection". The main outcome was anastomotic dehiscence. Other outcomes analyzed were mortality, bleeding, infection and general complications. We estimated the effect sizes by grouping data from six case-control studies (1,433 patients) published until January 2018. Results: our meta-analysis showed that patients undergoing complete mobilization of the splenic flexure had a higher risk of anastomotic dehiscence (RR=2.27, 95%CI: 1.22-4.23) compared with those not submitted to this procedure. There was no difference between the groups in terms of mortality, bleeding, infection and general complications. Conclusion: splenic flexure mobilization is associated with a higher risk of anastomotic dehiscence in resections of sigmoid and rectal cancer. This surgical maneuver should be used with caution in the surgical management of sigmoid or rectal cancers.

An elderly man with gastric cancer, Saint's triad and Heyde's syndrome / Un anciano con cáncer gástrico, tríada de Saint y síndrome de Heyde

This case study describes a 71-year-old man with signet-ring cell gastric adenocarcinoma and malignant sigmoidal polyp; and typical features of Saint's triad and Heyde syndrome. He had digestive bleeding, two types of hernia, diverticulosis, arterial hypertension, malignant polyp, and antecedent of smoking, lung tuberculosis, and surgical correction of aortic valve stenosis. There is a hypothetical inverse relationship between herniosis and development of malignancy; however, the patient herein described presented gastric and sigmoidal cancers. Gastrointestinal malignancies are sometimes associated with paraneoplastic entities, isolated or manifested as syndromes, but neither Saint's triad or Heyde syndrome have been included. This patient persisted clinically stable during the preoperative period, but suddenly died; Trousseau's syndrome would be the most probable mechanism of sudden death in this setting. Case reports can stimulate further studies to get additional knowledge about unusual entities.

Este estudio de caso describe un hombre de 71 años de edad, con adenocarcinoma gástrico con células en anillo de sello y un pólipo maligno sigmoideo; y características típicas de la tríada de Saint y del síndrome de Heyde. Tuvo una hemorragia digestiva, dos tipos de hernias, divertículos, hipertensión arterial, y pólipo maligno; con antecedente de tabaquismo, tuberculosis pulmonar, y corrección quirúrgica de estenosis de la válvula aórtica. Hay una hipotética relación inversa entre hernioses y el desarrollo de malignidades; sin embargo, el paciente que se describe en el presente documento presentó cánceres gástrico y sigmoideo. Neoplasias gastrointestinales se asocian a veces con entidades para neoplásicas aisladas o manifiestan síndromes, pero ni la tríada de Saint ni el síndrome de Heyde se ha incluido. Este paciente persistió clínicamente estable durante el período preoperatorio, pero de repente murió; síndrome de Trousseau sería el mecanismo más probable de muerte súbita en esta situación. Los informes de casos pueden estimular más estudios para obtener un conocimiento adicional sobre esas entidades inusuales.

Metastatic colon cancer of an ovarian cancer origin mimicking primary colon cancer: A case report

Metastatic colorectal cancer is rare and its origins are difficult to define if the gross features of colorectal cancer mimic primary colorectal cancer. However, accurate diagnosis is essential because the treatment and prognosis may vary depending on the origin of the cancer. This report is about a 74-year-old female patient with metastatic sigmoid colon cancer of ovarian origin that mimicked primary sigmoid colon cancer. She spent a 3-year period disease-free from ovarian cancer after surgery and adjuvant chemotherapy. At the time of initial diagnosis, the cancer was diagnosed as a primary sigmoid colon cancer, because the cancer appeared to be a solitary intra-luminal fungating mass. However, the final pathologic result showed that the cancer was metastatic sigmoid colon cancer of ovarian origin and it was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining of cytokeratins-7, -20, and Wilms tumor-1. Therefore, even if colorectal cancer is a single intra-luminal lesion, patients should be suspected of having metastatic colorectal cancer if they have other cancer histories. At this time, immunohistochemical staining using various cancer markers may be a useful tool to distinguish the origin of cancer.

Clinical Outcomes of Reduced-Port Laparoscopic Surgery for Patients With Sigmoid Colon Cancer: Surgery With 1 Surgeon and 1 Camera Operator

PURPOSE: This study compared the perioperative clinical outcomes of reduced-port laparoscopic surgery (RPLS) with those of conventional multiport laparoscopic surgery (MPLS) for patients with sigmoid colon cancer and investigated the safety and feasibility of RPLS performed by 1 surgeon and 1 camera operator. METHODS: From the beginning of 2010 until the end of 2014, 605 patients underwent a colectomy for sigmoid colon cancer. We compared the characteristics, postoperative outcomes, and pathologic results for the patients who underwent RPLS and for the patients who underwent MPLS. We also compared the clinical outcomes of single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) and 3-port laparoscopic surgery. RESULTS: Of the 115 patients in the RPLS group, 59 underwent SILS and 56 underwent 3-port laparoscopic surgery. The MPLS group included 490 patients. The RPLS group had shorter operating time (137.4 ± 43.2 minutes vs. 155.5 ± 47.9 minutes, P < 0.001) and shorter incision length (5.3 ± 2.2 cm vs. 7.8 ± 1.2 cm, P < 0.001) than the MPLS group. In analyses of SILS and 3-port laparoscopic surgery, the SILS group showed younger age, longer operating time, and shorter incision length than the 3-port surgery group and exhibited a more advanced T stage, more lymphatic invasion, and larger tumor size. CONCLUSION: RPLS performed by 1 surgeon and 1 camera operator appears to be a feasible and safe surgical option for the treatment of patients with sigmoid colon cancer, showing comparable clinical outcomes with shorter operation time and shorter incision length than MPLS. SILS can be applied to patients with favorable tumor characteristics.

Toxocara canis Mimicking a Metastatic Omental Mass from Sigmoid Colon Cancer: A Case Report

Toxocara canis is an important roundworm of canids and a fearsome animal parasite of humans. Human infections can lead to syndromes called visceral larva migrans (VLM), ocular larva migrans, neurotoxocariasis, and covert toxocariasis. VLM is most commonly diagnosed in children younger than 8 years of age, but adult cases are relatively frequent among those infected by ingesting the raw tissue of paratenic hosts in East Asia. This research reports the case of a 59-year-old man with sigmoid colon cancer, who visited our institution for surgery. An intraperitoneal mass was found on preoperative computed tomography, and it was thought to be a metastatic mass from sigmoid colon cancer. A postoperative histologic examination and serum test showed eosinophilic granuloma due to toxocariasis. Diagnosis of VLM is often difficult and highly suspicious in adults. Researchers suggest, although rarely, that VLM be included in the differential diagnosis as a cause of intraperitoneal tumors.

Application of sigmoid colon anatomy to laparoscopic surgery / 中华胃肠外科杂志

Laparoscopic sigmoidectomy for cancer is considered as a simple surgical approach, which is suitable for primary laparoscopic surgery. However, the success of laparoscopic sigmoidectomy is closely related to the anatomical characteristics of the sigmoid colon. The length, adhesion and morphology of the sigmoid colon vary greatly. The differences of the length, width, adhesion and morphology of the mesentery are large. The distribution of vessels is diversified. The high ligation or the low ligation is still controversial. The location of the sigmoid colon cancer is also not constant. These problems have great influence on the operation. Before operation, the tumor must be accurately located and the anatomical characteristics of the sigmoid colon must be fully evaluated. The operation can be carried out smoothly and the complications during and after the operation can be reduced.

Clinical Etiology of Hypermetabolic Pelvic Lesions in Postoperative Positron Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography for Patients With Rectal and Sigmoid Cancer

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to present various clinical etiologies of hypermetabolic pelvic lesions on postoperative positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) images for patients with rectal and sigmoid cancer. METHODS: Postoperative PET/CT images for patients with rectal and sigmoid cancer were retrospectively reviewed to identify hypermetabolic pelvic lesions. Positive findings were detected in 70 PET/CT images from 45 patients; 2 patients who were lost to follow-up were excluded. All PET findings were analyzed in comparison with contrast-enhanced CT. RESULTS: A total of 43 patients were classified into 2 groups: patients with a malignancy including local recurrence (n = 30) and patients with other benign lesions (n = 13). Malignant lesions such as a local recurrent tumor, peritoneal carcinomatosis, and incidental uterine malignancy, as well as various benign lesions such as an anastomotic sinus, fistula, abscess, reactive lymph node, and normal ovary, were observed. CONCLUSION: PET/CT performed during postoperative surveillance of rectal and sigmoid colon cancer showed increased fluorodeoxyglucose uptake not only in local recurrence, but also in benign pelvic etiologies. Therefore, physicians need to be cautious about the broad clinical spectrum of hypermetabolic pelvic lesions when interpreting images.

Feasibility and oncologic safety of low ligation of inferior mesenteric artery with D3 dissection in cT3N0M0 sigmoid colon cancer

PURPOSE: There is no standard consensus for the ligation level of the inferior mesenteric artery during radical resection of sigmoid colon cancer. Especially, there is little research about low ligation combined with D3 dissection. The study was performed to compare feasibility and oncologic safety between low ligation with D3 dissection to high ligation in intermediately advanced sigmoid colon cancer. METHODS: From January 2008 to December 2013, 134 patients who underwent radical surgery for cT3N0M0 sigmoid colon cancer were evaluated retrospectively. Clinicopathologic factors and oncologic outcomes of high ligation (HL, n = 51) and low ligation (LL, n = 83) groups were compared. RESULTS: The mean operative time was significantly shorter in LL, and there was no difference in complications, distal margin or number of retrieved lymph node. The tumor size was significantly larger in HL, but there was no difference in number of metastatic lymph node, pT or pN stage. There was no difference in overall survival, disease-free survival, or local and systemic recurrence. CONCLUSION: In cT3N0M0 sigmoid colon cancers, we suggest that low ligation with D3 dissection can be performed with feasibility and oncological safety.

The Usefulness of Intraoperative Colonic Irrigation and Primary Anastomosis in Patients Requiring a Left Colon Resection

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to assess the short-term outcome of intraoperative colonic irrigation and primary anastomosis and to suggest the usefulness of the procedure when a preoperative mechanical bowel preparation is inappropriate. METHODS: This retrospective study included 38 consecutive patients (19 male patients) who underwent intraoperative colonic irrigation and primary anastomosis for left colon disease between January 2010 and December 2016. The medical records of the patients were reviewed to evaluate the patients' characteristics, operative data, and postoperative short-term outcomes. RESULTS: Twenty-nine patients had colorectal cancer, 7 patients had perforated diverticulitis, and the remaining 2 patients included 1 with sigmoid volvulus and 1 with a perforated colon due to focal colonic ischemia. A diverting loop ileostomy was created in 4 patients who underwent a low anterior resection. Complications occurred in 15 patients (39.5%), and the majority was superficial surgical site infections (18.4%). Anastomotic leakage occurred in one patient (2.6%) who underwent an anterior resection due sigmoid colon cancer with obstruction. No significant difference in overall postoperative complications and superficial surgical site infections between patients with obstruction and those with peritonitis were noted. No mortality occurred during the first 30 postoperative days. The median hospital stay after surgery was 15 days (range, 8–39 days). CONCLUSION: Intraoperative colonic irrigation and primary anastomosis seem safe and feasible in selected patients. This procedure may reduce the burden of colostomy in patients requiring a left colon resection with an inappropriate preoperative mechanical bowel preparation.

Efficacy analysis of suprapubic single-incision laparoscopy in the treatment of rectosigmoid cancer / 中华胃肠外科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To evaluate the efficacy and cosmetic result of suprapubic single incision laparoscopic surgery(SSILS) in the treatment of rectosigmoid cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Clinicopathological data of 16 patients undergoing SSILS and 122 undergoing conventional laparoscopic surgery(CLS) for sigmoid colon and upper rectal cancer in the Nanfang Hospital from August 2011 to July 2012 were retrospectively analyzed. The patients were analyzed with propensity score matching at a ratio of 1 to 2 by logistic regression analysis. The matching covariates included age, gender, body mass index, American Society of Anesthesiologists(ASA) score, tumor location, tumor diameter, pathologic TNM stage, previous abdominal surgery. After matching, 48 patients (16 SSILS and 32 CLS) were enrolled in the study. The SSILS group comprised of 13 (81.3%) males with mean age of (56.4±13.4) years. The CLS group comprised of 23(71.9%) males with mean age of (55.6±13.7) years. Postoperative short-term parameters, oncologic efficacy and cosmetic result were compared between the two groups.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The male gender ratio, age, body mass index, ASA score, tumor location, tumor diameter, tumor differentiation, depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, previous abdominal surgery were comparable between the two groups. As compared to CLS group, less incision length [(4.8±1.5) cm vs. (6.8±1.2) cm, U=63.000, P=0.000], shorter time to ambulation [(2.6±1.0) days vs. (3.9±1.5) days, U=116.500, P=0.002], shorter hospital stay [(8.4±5.3) days vs.(9.2±3.1) days, U=139.000, P=0.010] and less postopertive pain(Visual Analogue Scale: 4.3±1.4 vs. 5.2±1.1 at day 3, t=2.457, P=0.018; 3.7±1.0 vs. 4.6±1.0 at day 4, t=2.700, P=0.010; 3.3±0.8 vs. 4.0±1.0 at day 5, t=2.466, P=0.017) were observed in SSILS group. The other short-term parameters(blood loss, operative time, insertion of additional port rate, time to flatus, defecation, time to liquid and soft diet, complication morbidity, number of lymph nodes harvested, proximal and distal resection margin) were not significantly different between 2 groups(all P>0.05). The median follow-up time was 41(22-49) months. There was no loco-regional recurrence in 2 groups. Distant metastasis was 18.8% (n=3, all liver metastasis) and 6.3% (n=2, one liver metastasis and one peritoneal metastasis) in SSILS and CLS groups (χ(2)=0.698, P=0.404) respectively. Three-year disease-free survival and 3-year overall survival were 81.3% vs 93.0%(χ(2)=1.355, P=0.244) and 100.0% vs 96.9%(χ(2)=0.500, P=0.480) in SSILS and CLS groups, respectively. Photograph questionnaire investigation showed that the cosmetic score was significantly higher in SSILS group than that in CLS group (8.9±1.1 vs. 7.6±1.1, U=100.500, P=0.000). Of 48 patients of 2 groups, 81.3%(39/48) case preferred SSILS.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In experienced laparoscopic treatment centers, SSILS for rectosigmoid cancer is feasible and safe with quite good oncological efficacy and certain advantages, such as fast recovery, less pain and better cosmetic result.</p>